International Sports Sciences Association (ISSA) Trainer Practice Exam

What training effect is typically observed in older adults who regularly participate in strength training?

1. Increased bone density

2. Decreased muscle mass

3. Impaired balance

4. Reduced risk of chronic diseases

The correct answer is: Increased bone density

Increased bone density is a significant training effect observed in older adults who regularly participate in strength training. As individuals age, they naturally face a decline in bone density due to factors like hormonal changes, reduced physical activity, and nutritional deficiencies. Engaging in strength training can help counteract this decline. The mechanical stress placed on bones during resistance exercise stimulates bone remodeling, which enhances bone density and overall skeletal strength. This adaptation is crucial for older adults as it reduces the risk of osteoporosis and related fractures, promoting better health and functional independence. The other options present effects that do not accurately reflect the benefits of strength training in older adults. Decreased muscle mass is contrary to the expected outcome, as strength training leads to muscle hypertrophy and preservation of muscle mass. Impaired balance is not an effect of strength training; in fact, regular resistance training often improves balance and stability through enhanced strength in core and lower body muscles. Finally, while strength training can contribute to a reduced risk of chronic diseases, increased bone density specifically underscores a unique and critical benefit relevant to older adults.